题名：人工智能教育应用的认知外包陷阱及其跨越
Title: The Cognitive Outsourcing Trap in the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Education and How to Overcome It
作者：余胜泉， 汪凡淙
Authors: Yu Shengquan, Wang Fancong
关键词：智能技术；人机协同；认知外包；核心素养；教学变革
Keywords: Intelligent technology; Human-machine collaboration; Cognitive outsourcing; Key competencies; Teaching reform.
摘要：在智能时代，爆炸式增长的信息与人脑有限的认知能力之间的鸿沟日益扩大，人们需要借助外部设备来增强自身的认知能力，以更好地适应复杂的现代社会，认知外包成为时代发展的必然。文章阐述了认知外包的机理及其关键过程，并根据认知外包过程中外部设备在计算、感知、认知和社会化上不同层次提供的支持将认知外包分为了四种类型。而有效认知外包的核心在于内外部认知网络的平衡与有效连接，以及意义的理解和生成，这需要人们具备一些关键能力。在教育领域，如果学生自身头脑缺乏足够完备的知识和相应的关键能力，认知外包可能会导致其陷入典型教育陷阱：思维懒惰与幼稚化、认知地位边缘化、发展主体性丧失、认知肤浅与碎片化、认知偏见与极端化。为了帮助学生跨越这些陷阱，需要推进核心素养导向的深度教学变革。
Abstract: In the intelligent era, the gap between the explosively growing information and the limited cognitive ability of the human brain is widening day by day. People need to rely on external devices to enhance their own cognitive abilities so as to better adapt to the complex modern society. Thus, cognitive outsourcing has become an inevitable trend in the development of the times. This article elaborates on the mechanism and key processes of cognitive outsourcing, and divides cognitive outsourcing into four types according to the different levels of support provided by external devices in terms of computing, perception, cognition and socialization during the cognitive outsourcing process. The core of effective cognitive outsourcing lies in the balance and effective connection of internal and external cognitive networks, as well as the understanding and generation of meaning, which requires people to possess some key abilities. In the field of education, if students lack sufficient and complete knowledge and corresponding key abilities in their own minds, cognitive outsourcing may lead them to fall into typical educational traps: mental laziness and infantilization, marginalization of cognitive status, loss of the subjectivity of development, superficial and fragmented cognition, and cognitive biases and extremism. To help students overcome these traps, it is necessary to promote in-depth teaching reforms guided by key competencies.